Death Anxiety and Stress Levels With Different Age Groups

Death Anxiety and Stress Levels With Different Age Groups q Introduction This research will be about studying the relationship between human’s age group with life stress level and also death anxiety. According to Peter, Cant, Payne, O’Connor, McDermott, Hood, Morphet and Shimoinaba (2013), death anxiety is the morbid, abnormal or persistent fear of ones own death or the process of his/her dying. Death anxiety is also a feeling of dread, apprehension or anxiety when one thinks of the process of dying. According to Angela Morrow (2011), stress is the bodys reaction to a change that requires a physical, mental or emotional adjustment or response. Terror Management Theory (TMT) was proposed in 1986 by social psychologists  Jeff Greenberg,  Tom Pyszczynski, and  Sheldon Solomon. The theory was inspired by the writings of cultural anthropologist,  Ernest Becker. The basic idea of the theory is that humans are motivated to control their potential for terror inherent in the human awareness of vulnerability and mortality by spending in cultural belief systems that imbue life with meaning, and the individuals who subscribe to them with self-esteem. Since its inception, the theory has generated empirical research into not just the nature of self-esteem and prejudice, but also a host of other forms of human social behavior (Cox and Arndt 2006).Self-esteem is showed to be an important anxiety-buffering function in the face of death-related thought, leading individuals with high levels of self-esteem to exhibit attenuated mortality salience effects. Thus, an attorney concerned with mortality salience-related factors which advers ely affecting his or her case may want to use pretrial surveys to identify and challenge jurors who show to be experiencing situational or dispositional factors that could be associated with low self-esteem (Lieberman and Arntd 2009). General Adaptation Syndrome was founded by Scientist Hans Selye(1907-1982). He showed 3 phases what the supposed effects of stress has on the body which was alarm stage, resistance stage and exhaustion stage. Throughout his work, he developed the theory that stress is a main cause of diseases because chronic stress causes long-term chemical changes. He observed that the body would respond to any external biological source of stress with a predictable biological pattern in an attempt to restore the body’s internal homeostasis. This early hormonal reaction is yourfight or flight stress response and its purpose is for handling stress very quickly! The process of the whole body’s struggle to maintain equilibrium is what Selye had termed, the General Adaptation Syndrome. Pressures, tensions, and other also stressors can greatly influence your regular metabolism. Selye determined thatthere is a limited supply of adaptive energy to deal with stress.That amount declines with c ontinuous exposure. (Richard J.) (2008). Therefore, our research statements would be â€Å"do different age group influence one’s stress level?† and â€Å"do different age group influence one’s death anxiety? Aim: To study the death anxiety and stress level with different age group. Variables: Independent: Age groups (Young adulthood, middle adulthood and older adulthood). Dependent: Stress level and death anxiety level. Hypothesis: As age level increase, the level of death anxiety increases. As age level increase, the stress level increase. Literature review A study by Harrawood, White and Benshoff(2009) was conducted to examine the relationship between the level of death anxiety among a national sample of United States funeral directors with varying levels of death exposure, age, and sex among 203 funeral directors working in the United States. The main results showed a significant but weak negative relationship between levels of death anxiety and the participants’ reported number of funerals attended per year. One of the limitations of this study is that conducting a survey through mail is not the best method because the researchers cannot be sure that the survey packets will be received by the participants. The recommended method would be interviewing the participants personally. Another relevant study by Chan and Yap (2009) was aimed to examine the influence of religion, religious orientation, gender, and age on death anxiety in a culturally diverse country like Malaysia. In this study, there were 320 participants ranging in age from 17-70 years. The results supported hypothesis C which is female participants would have lower death anxiety and death anxiety levels would not differ between young adults and older adults. However, it is stated in the research paper that participants recruited were obtained from the Klang Valley area. Limited in only one area is not a good sampling method, because the population outside of KlangValley is not included, therefore it would influence the results. A study by Mroczek and Almeida (2004) was conducted to examine whether stress reactivity becomes stronger or weaker with age. There were 1012 participants ranging in age from 25-74 years were took part in this study. The main results showed that there was a stronger association between daily stress and negative affect for persons high in neuroticism as compared to those low on the trait. In addition, there was also a stronger association between daily stress and negative affect for older as compared to younger adults. In this study, researchers should also include the age population below 25 and above 74 of years in order to get a more comprehensive result. Lastly, a study by Birditt, Antonucci and Tighe (2013) was carried out to investigate whether enacted support (emotional or instrumental) varies by relationship quality and stress appraisals among middle and older adulthood. There were 152 participants(principal respondents, PRs)who had experienced recent stressful life events and 180 participants as their identified supportive ties ranging in age from 8-98 years were took part in this study. The main results showed that thehigh quality relationships tended to enact consistently high levels of support irrespective of stress appraisals whereas low quality relationships enacted higher levels of support when PRs were more highly stressed.In this study, researchers should increase the number of participants in order to get a more accurate result. Methodology Participant Participants will be approached and filter to 3 different groups, young adulthood (20-39 years old), middle adulthood (40-64 years old) and older adulthood (65-74 years old). Each group will consist of 20 participants. The participants will consist of both women and men. Materials (Questionnaire) The Templer Death Anxiety Scale (TDAS) by Lonetto Templer was designed to determine one’s death anxiety level. It is a self-conducted 15-item scale where participants rate themselves on the true-false scale. The instrument is recorded by allocating 1 point to every item which is answered correctly and then will be summed up all the items at the end of the process. High scores on this scale show high death anxiety level while low scores indicate low death anxiety level. The TDAS has good validity whereby it correlated 0.74 with the Fear of Death Scale. Besides that the TDAS is capable of significantly unique between psychiatric patients who have high death anxiety level and a control group. The TDAS also has an internal reliability of 0.76 and a three-week test-retest reliability of 0.83. (Lonetto, R., Templer, D. I. (1983). (The nature of death anxiety.In C. D. Spielberger and J. N. Butcher (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment, Volume 3 (pp. 14-174). The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was developed to measure of the level to which situations in one’s life are appraised as stressful.It is a 14 item instrument that predicts both unbiased biological markers of stress and increased risk for disease among people with higher distinguished stress levels. For example, those with the higher scores (suggestive of chronic stress) on the PSS tend to be worse on biological indicators of aging, cortisol levels, immune markers, depression, infectious disease, wound healing, and prostate-specific antigen levels in men. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), designed to determine the level of situations in one’s life are appraised as stressful. The European Spanish version PSS (14-item) demonstrated adequate reliability (internal consistency, = .81, and test-retest, r = .73), validity (concurrent), and sensitivity. Additional data indicate adequate reliability (à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  = .82, test-retest, r = .77), validity, and sensiti vity of a 10-item short version of the PSS (Remor, 2006). (Remor, E. (2006). (Psychometric properties of a European Spanish version of the perceived stress scale. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 9(1), 86-93.) Procedure A total of 60 participants will be recruited randomly through random picking at Sunway Pyramid shopping center and at the same time select by presuming their age group in order to complete 20 participants per age group. Participants will then be briefed about the objective of this experiment and the instructions they need to follow. Next, participants will be given the first questionnaire by the researchers, which is the Templer Death Anxiety Scale (TDAS). In this section, participants are required to fill in their details as provided in section A (socio demographic) and proceed to section B which is the questions of the death anxiety questionnaire. Then, the researcher will collect back the questionnaires from the participants. After that, participants will be given the second questionnaire which is the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). In this section, participants are required to fill in their details once more as provided in section A (socio demographic) and proceed to section B whic h is the questions to assess their stress scale. Then, the researcher will collect back the questionnaires from the participants. Both questionnaires collected will be used for data collection to be then converted into results. Design Cross sectional method will be used in this research because age group division will be involved. It will be a study based on data gathered at one time from groups of participants who represents different age groups. Each subject will be measure and tested only once and the results give us information about differences between the groups. Discussion Limitation of the research would be the amount of participants. Therefore it doesn’t represent the whole society. Future researchers are recommended to recruit more participants to get a higher accuracy results. Other than that the way to approach participants as planned would be a little time consuming. It is also not that efficient. Future researchers are recommended to approach participants in a more efficient way. Reference Angela Morrow, R. (2011, 1 19).Stress definition. Retrieved from http://dying.about.com/od/glossary/g/stress.htm Cathy, C., Jamie, A. (2008, 1 2).Terror management theory. Retrieved from http://www.tmt.missouri.edu/ Daniel K., M., David M., A. (2004). The effect of daily stress, personality, and age on daily negative affect.Journal of personality and social psychology,72(2), 355-378. JOEL.D, L., JAMIE , A. (2009, 7 1).Terror management theory and jury decision-making. Retrieved from http://www.thejuryexpert.com/2009/07/terror-management-theory-and-jury-decision-making/ Kira S., B., Toni C., A., Lauren, T. (2013). Enacted support during stressful life events in middle and older adulthood: An examination of the interpersonal context.27(3), 728–741. doi: 10.1037/a0026967 Laura K., H., Lyle J., W., John J., B. (2009). Death anxiety in a national sample of united states funeral directors and its relationship with death exposure, age, and sex.58(2), 129-146. doi: 10.2190/OM.58.2.c LI CHUIN, C., CHIN CHOO, Y. (2009). Age, gender, and religiosity as related to death anxiety. Lonetto, R., Templer, D. I. (1983). The nature of death anxiety.in c. d. spielberger and j. n. butcher (eds.).Advances in personality assessment,3, 14-174. Peters , L., Cant , R., Payne, S., OConnor , M., McDermott, F., Hood, K., Morphet , J., Shimoinaba, K. (2013). How death anxiety impacts nurses caring for patients at the end of life: a review of literature.7, 14-21. doi: 10.2174/1874434601307010014 Remor, E. (2006). Psychometric properties of a european spanish version of the perceived stress scale.The Spanish Journal of Psychology,9(1), 86-93. Richard, J. (2008).Hans selye’s general adaptation syndrome. Retrieved from http://www.essenceofstressrelief.com/general-adaptation-syndrome.html Appendix A Death Anxiety Scale Indicate whether each item is usually true or false for you most of the time. Scoring for death anxiety: T FI am very much afraid to die.T T FThe thought of death seldom enters my mind.F T FIt doesn’t make me nervous when people talk about death.F T FI dread to think about having to have an operation.T T FI am not at all afraid to die.F T FI am not particularly afraid of getting cancer.F T FThe thought of death never bothers me.F T FI am often distressed by the way time flies so very rapidly.T T FI fear dying a painful death.T T FThe thought of life after death troubles me greatly.T T FI am really scared of having a heart attack.T T FI often think about how short life really is.T T FI shudder when I hear people talking about a World War III.T T FThe sight of a dead body is horrifying to me.T T FI feel that the future holds nothing for me to fear.F Appendix B

Themes of Love and Obsession in Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights Essay

Themes of Love and Obsession in Wuthering Heights      Ã‚   "My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath: a source of little visible delight, but necessary. Nelly, I am Heathcliff" (81)" These words, uttered by Catherine, in the novel Wuthering Heights are for me the starting point in my investigation into the themes of love and obsession in the novel. Catherine has just told her housekeeper that she has made up her mind to marry Edgar Linton, although she is well aware that her love for him is bound to change as time passes. That she is obsessed by her love for Heathcliff she confirms in the above quotation and by saying that she will never, ever be separated from him. Why does she not marry him then? Well, she has another obsession too: she does not want to degrade herself by marrying him. Instead she thinks that by wedding Linton she can aid Heathcliff to rise.    Heathcliff, who has been ill-treated by his foster brother Hindley, is obsessed by his thoughts of revenge: "I'm trying to settle how I shall pay Hindley back. I don't care how long I wait, if I can only do it at last. I hope he will not die before I do!" (64).He comes back after three years, during which time nobody at Wuthering Heights or The Grange have known his whereabouts, and the first person he is eager to meet is Catherine. She reacts with a mixture of fright and passion, and accuses Heathcliff of being cruel as he has not been heard of for such a long time. His joy to see her again is unmistakable: "A little more than you have thought of me," he murmured "I heard of your marriage, Cathy, not long since; and, while waiting in the yard below, I meditated this plan: - just to have one glimpse of your face, a stare of surprise, perhaps, ... ...s dream and calls her a minx, Heathcliff cannot control his vehement emotions. When he realizes that his life is coming to an end he carries through his will to be buried in the same grave as the woman he loved so fervently.    My conclusion is that in this novel the themes of love and obsession are interconnected. The love between Catherine and Heathcliff runs all through the story, and that love is the reason for Heathcliff's obsession to have his revenge. He never got over being rejected by her. And he never stopped loving Catherine as long as he lived: "Be with me always - take any form - drive me mad! only do not leave me in this abyss, where I cannot find you! Oh, God! it is unutterable! I cannot live without my life! I cannot live without my soul!" (148).    Work Cited: Brontà «, Emily. Wuthering Heights. Penguin Popular Classics, 1994.   

National Integrity and Communal Harmone

CURRICULUM VITAE M Siva Kumar c/o M. B. Achary Pl-no-23/flat no-h2 Swati shikhara appts Huda complex Saroor nagar Mobile No: 91-9866032385 Residence: 040-24043403 Hyderabad. Email:[email  protected] com |Objective | Looking for a challenging opportunity in a globally respected organization that will provide me an opportunity to work on state-of-the-art technologies and allow me to contribute as a positive factor in the progress of the company. |Educational Qualification | Degree/ |College/Institute |University/Board |Year Of | |Class Of Study | | |Completion | | BHM |Greenfield’s College of Hotel |Osmania university |2007 | |(bachelor of |Management, Hyderabad. | | | | | | | |hotel | | | | |management) | | | | 10 + 2 |Kendriya vidyalaya unit –ix BBSR |AISSCE |2004 | | DHTM |International Institute of Hotel |Set win |2002 | |(diploma in |Management, | | | |hotel and |Hyderabad | | | |catering | | | | |management) | | | | | | Kendriya vidyalaya unit –ix BBSR |C entral Board of Secondary Education |2000 | |10th | | | | | | | | | |Industrial Exposure | ? Completed 16 weeks Training from hotel Green park Hyderabad ?Worked for Kebab & Beer festival organized in Taj Residency, Hyderabad |Experience | ? Presently working with dominos pizza India limited a unit of jubilant food works as a store manager over a period of 2 . 5years (Emp code-450866) ? Worked with cafe latte as a shift in charge for a period of over 2 years |JOB RESPONSIBILITIES | ? Responsible for smooth operations of the store ensuring the availability of stock and staff ?Ensuring all the necessary operation levels are maintained includes gas petrol electricity and diesel routine check ups of bikes gensets ovens and infrastructure ? Assigning job responsibilities and training to the entire staff with respect of product people and material ? Checking the inventory management and verifying the reason for the variances ? Promoting the store in different localities by using differe nt marketing tools and regular visits to corporate for bulk orders ? Managing 17 members team which includes 5 delivery boys 3 customer service representatives (order takers) 4 crew members and 2 associate mangers 2 assistant managers and one training ace ? To solve the customers concerns with great care and empathies ?Preparing the monthly profit &loss statement in association with the district manager ? Managing vendor related issues and passing the bills to regional head office ? Preparing monthly& daily M I S report and sending them to the corporate head office noida |Strengths & achievements | ? Successfully implemented Standard Operating Practices & achieved 84% in Operational Excellence. ? Reduced the Prime Operating Cost (Utility, Fuel, and Manpower) per unit by 12% through control measure practices. ? Efficient Interpersonal Skills& ability to handle pressure as well crisis management ?Received many appreciation mails from district managers and area manager for exceptional ideas of in store product management ? Received many customers appreciation mails in terms of showing exceptional hospitality ? Attended National FIDA(financial index data analsis) meet at Bangkok 2011 & Colombo 2012 |Computer Proficiency | ? Office (word, Excel, power point) Operating systems: Windows 98/XP/Vista |Personal Details | Full Name : M. SIVA KUMAR Father Name : M. B. ACHARY Date of Birth : march 09, 1985Gender : Male Marital Status: single Hobbies & Interests: Listening to music &surfing the net To music Nationality : Indian Languages Known : English Hindi Telugu Oriya Bengali &French Address : PL-NO-23/FLAT NO-H2 SWATI SHIKHARA APPTS HUDA COMPLEX SAROOR NAGAR HYDERABAD | Declaration | I hereby declare that the information and facts furnished here are true to the best of my knowledge and belief. Date : Place : (M Siva Kumar) [pic] [pic]

Huck Finns Identity essays

Huck Finn's Identity essays Identity is that which sets us apart from each other. Everyone must find his or her own personal identity. This is a process through which one discovers who they are and why they are the way they are. One of many themes in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is the search for identity. In Twains novel, Huck finds Jims identity and in the process he discovers his own. At first, Jims identity is presented plainly to Huckleberry as a stereotypical black slave. Jim is filled with superstition that appears to be a reflection of the ignorance that develops from a life of slavery. Slaves are supposed to be emotionless, yet he exhibits many emotions typically restricted to whites at the time. Huck sees this in him and gradually he starts to believe that Jim is more white underneath. Jim, Huck later realizes, is a heroic figure in a world consisting of liars, cheats, and scoundrels. Jim always does the right thing if he can; he always feels empathy for others even if those people show no such emotions for him. The incident at the end of the novel when he saves Tom and risks what he believes to be his own freedom is a case in point. This further sparks Huckleberrys notion that Jim is just as good as any man, if not in some cases better. With this realization, the reader can see Huck slowly letting go what society has taught him and choosing his own identity. To some extent Huckleberry cannot grasp Jims complete identity. There are some things that Huckleberry is oblivious to in the sense that he is only a child. One quality that Huck fails to identify is how much Jim is like a father. Jim is the leader during the travel down the river. He is the one who knows all the signs of weather; it is he who makes their journey a success. An example being when Jim throws rags over the corpse on the houseboat to protect Huck from seeing it. Jim's maturity is displayed by his reaction to the in...

The Consent Decree and its change of Floridas Education System.

The Consent Decree and its change of Floridas Education System. Before the creation of the Florida Consent Decree there were many other laws that were created to protect students as well as minorities. A few include Equal Education Opportunity Act and Title VI of the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Equal Education Opportunity Act was developed in 1974 and was created to prohibit discriminatory conduct such as separating students based on their race and color. This act also protected discrimination against faculty and staff members. The Equal Education Opportunity Act also required districts to take action in overcoming language barriers that students faced that often caused problems with equal participation within education programs. One of the most important acts in US history as well as education history is that of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The act's Title VI pretends to education. The act prevents elementary and secondary schools as well as colleges from discriminating anyone based on race, color, sex, religion or national origin.Civ il Rights Act of 1964The FloridaThe Florida Consent Decree was created in order to better serve the ever changing student population in the public schools of Florida. The decree came about after the State of Florida was sued by minority groups. These groups felt that their children were not getting the fair treatment they deserved with the laws of the Equal Education Opportunity Act, Title VI of the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Florida Educational Equity Act, and other federal and state laws. The decree was developed in order to have mandated standards and guidelines throughout the state's school districts to provide services for Limited English Proficiency (LEP) students.There are six main issues that the Consent Decree covers. These six main issues are Identification and Assessment, Equal Access to Appropriate Programming, Equal Access to Appropriate Categorical and other programs...

Act and Rule Utilitarianism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Act and Rule Utilitarianism - Essay Example Act utilitarianism focuses on the specific act that will bring that good in the end. However, according to the rule utilitarian, this is improbable or even impossible. This begs the question: How does one determine if an act will produce a specific good This is where rule utilitarianism comes into the picture. One first determines what are the rules that if generally followed will produce the best results. The rule utilitarian does not focus on finding the specific act that will produce the best results since any act in accordance to that rule will produce a good.Thus, rule utilitarianism is more acceptable. An act in accordance with rule utilitarianism may or may not appeal to the act utilitarian, but this is better than trying in vain to find out what is that specific act the act utilitarian will accept.Whichever form one may choose, both cannot escape the criticisms against utilitarianism that one may lie, steal, or kill just to enact that which is good. In other words, the end ju stifies the means.

HRM - Journal Report Unit 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HRM - Journal Report Unit 9 - Essay Example The factors are put into consideration before implementing any HRM strategies (Dickmann, Sparrow & Brewster, 2008). Identifying best HRM processes for the rest of the organization is not the MNC’s goal, but instead finding the best fit between the company’s overall strategy and the firm’s external environment and HRM policies. I learned that the transitional scope guide on having the HRM decisions based on international scope. Following international HRM strategy, decisions considers every employee needs in every nation where the firm operates. The issue is the ability to initiate standards fair to every employee, regardless of their location or country they operate. Additionally, transnational representation refers to the multinational compositions of the company’s executives and managers. Ideally, the MNC processes should base on transnational approach. The approach means that the multicultural understanding is into consideration, instead of trying to have the international employees fit within the domestic market scope, a more HRM holistic method get used. Thus, using a transnational approach shows that the HRM practices and policies are a significant part of the successful business as they act as mechanisms for control and coordination of the international operations. Culture is the key factor to managing HRM on the global scale. I reckon that understanding culture and also appreciating different cultures can help the HRM strategies be successful in any nation. There are different cultural dimension considered in HRM strategies. The first culture dimension is individualism-collectivism. The cultural dimension describes the individuals degree integrated into groups. MNC’s should focus on the person’s accomplishments instead of group accomplishments. Society base on cohesive groups in the collective society, thus, it is significant of focus on the group instead of the individual. Secondly, power distance